YourRoots by Genomelink
banner

Sign up to explore more

Create a free account to navigate family trees, view ancestors, and discover connections.

Peter Hopper 1803–1878 – Genealogical Records

Birth Date: 01 Feb 1803

Birth Location: Williamsburg Township, Dundas County, Ontario, Canada

Death Date: 02 Dec 1878

Death Location: Mariatown, Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry United Counties, Ontario, Canada

Father: Abraham Hopper

Mother: Elizabeth Crowder

Spouse(s): Mary Hopper

Children(s): Barnabus Hopper\Harper, Catherine Hopper, James Hopper??, Adam Hopper, Barbara Hopper, George DNA, Elizabeth Hopper, Peter Hopper, Laney Hopper, Nancy DNA

The story of Peter Hopper began in 1803 in Williamsburg Township, Dundas County, Ontario, Canada. In 1860, Peter Hopper resided in Ticonderoga, Ticonderoga, Essex, New York, USA. Peter Hopper married Mary Hopper, and had children including Adam Alvin Hopper, Barbara Elizabeth Hopper, Barnabus Barney John Hopper Harper, Catherine Hopper, Elizabeth Hopper, George Joseph Hopper Harper Dna, James Hopper, Laney Lucy Hopper, Nancy Hopper Dna, Peter Conrad Hopper. Peter Hopper passed away in 1878 in Mariatown, Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry United Counties, Ontario, Canada.

Find more search results for Peter Hopper
PH

Reliability Score

This score reflects the reliability of the source family tree. A high rating indicates a trustworthy source with strong data consistency.

Reliability Score:
A
Criteria:
  • A 3 criteria (Strong)
  • B 2 criteria (Medium)
  • C 1 criteria (Basic)
  • N/A 0 criteria (Insufficient)

This tree's reliability score:

  • Record available
  • Descendant's record available
  • Star tree owner

Biography

  • The story of Peter Hopper began in 1803 in Williamsburg Township, Dundas County, Ontario, Canada.
  • In 1860, Peter Hopper resided in Ticonderoga, Ticonderoga, Essex, New York, USA.
  • Peter Hopper married Mary Hopper, and had children including Adam Alvin Hopper, Barbara Elizabeth Hopper, Barnabus Barney John Hopper Harper, Catherine Hopper, Elizabeth Hopper, George Joseph Hopper Harper Dna, James Hopper, Laney Lucy Hopper, Nancy Hopper Dna, Peter Conrad Hopper.
  • Peter Hopper passed away in 1878 in Mariatown, Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry United Counties, Ontario, Canada.

Immediate Family

Parents

Abraham Hopper
1761–1825
Birth Location: Albany County, New York, USA
AH
Elizabeth Crowder
1771–1865
Birth Location: Kinderhook, Columbia County, New York, United States of America
EC

Spouses(s)

Mary Hopper
1807–1855
Birth Location: Osnabruck, Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry United Counties, Ontario, Canada
MH

Children(s)

Barnabus Hopper\Harper
1836–1912
Birth Location: Williamsburg, Dundas, Ontario, Canada
BH
Catherine Hopper
1822–1912
Birth Location: Williamsburg Township, Dundas County, Ontario, Canada
CH
James Hopper??
1823–
Birth Location: Ontario
JH
Adam Hopper
1827–1900
Birth Location: Winchester, Dundas, Ontario, Canada
AH
Barbara Hopper
1830–1912
Birth Location: Williamsburg, Ontario, Canada
BH
George DNA
1832–1897
Birth Location: Williamsburg, Ontario, Canada
GD
Elizabeth Hopper
1842–1912
Birth Location: Williamsburg, Ontario, Canada
EH
Peter Hopper
1846–1913
Birth Location: Chesterville, Dundas County, Ontario, Canada
PH
Laney Hopper
1849–1900
Birth Location: Williamsburg, Stormont, Dundas, and Glengarry, Ontario, Canada
LH
Nancy DNA
1831–1915
Birth Location: Dundas, Ontario, Canada
ND

Peter Hopper's Ancestors

Self
Peter Hopper
1803–1878
Birth Place: Williamsburg Township, Dundas County, Ontario, Canada
Parents
Abraham A. Hopper
1761–1825
Albany County, New York, USA
Elizabeth (Ann) Crowder
1771–1865
Kinderhook, Columbia County, New York, United States of America
Grandparents
Conrad (Coenradt Hopper) Hope
1725–1798
Hackensack, Bergen, New Jersey, USA
Eva (Dorothea) Seitz
1728–1761
Evangelisch, Muenzesheim, Karlsruhe, Baden
William Crowder
1723–1815
Prince George, Prince George, Virginia, USA
Johannah ('hannah' Rouws) ROUS
1723–1791
Bristal Parish, Prince George, Virginia, USA
Great-Grandparents
Jan Hoppe
1682–1766
Rachel Terhuynen
1690–1787
Michael Seitz
1703–1734
Johanna Fechtlin
1695–1740
2nd-Great-Grandparents

Peter Hopper's Descendants

1.
PH
Peter Hopper (01 Feb 1803–02 Dec 1878) m. Mary Hopper (1807–14 Dec 1855)
  1. 1. Barnabus ("Barney" John) Hopper\Harper 1836–1912 m. Eleanor (Sophia "Ellen") Rice 1838–1924
    1. 1. James (Wesley Hopper\) Harper 1859–1940 m. Nellie (Susina) Swerdfeger 1855–1940
      1. 1. Isaiah (Wellington) Harper 1882–1971 m. Mable (Athaliah) Dillabough 1891–1968
        1. 1. James (Ralph) Harper 1917–1996 m. Mary (Louise) Wilson 1928–2009
        2. 2. Audrey (Ethaleena) Harper 1916–2005 m. James (Henry "Jimmie") Casselman 1909–2003
        3. 3. Carl (Glenn) Harper 1931–1995 m. Audrey (Ellen EASTER) Harper 1936–2025
        4. 4. Laura (Mildred) Harper 1926–1981 m. John (Ernest) Pattemore 1926–2017
        5. 5. Beatrice (Daisy) Harper 1912–2007 m. William (Preston) Pope 1897–1964 m. Cleveland 1916–1977
        6. 6. Retha (Margaret) Harper 1907–1994 m. Thorald (James) Whiting 1901–1975
        7. 7. Clifford (Grant) Harper 1924–2008 m. Virginia (bernice Wilson) Harper 1929–2007
        8. 8. Delma (Gladys) Harper 1922–1922
        9. 9. Vivian (Ruth Harper) Perrin 1929–1999 m. William (Ernest) Perrin 1906–1992
      2. 2. Arthur (Samuel Hopper) DNA 1888–1975 m. Esther Bowen 1907–1986 m. Emma Thompson 1895–1935
        1. 1. Harold (L Hopper) DNA 1922–1986 m. Shirley (Evelyn) Serviss –2014
        2. 2. Stella (Marie) Harper 1940–1993
        3. 3. Gerald (Arthur) Harper 1925–2014 m. Hazel (Juanita) Harper 1920–2008
        4. 4. Ida (Belle) HARPER 1915–1945 m. Gerald (Arthur) Galbraith 1913–1999
        5. 5. Pauline (Emma) Harper 1920–2005 m. Lawrence (Steven Allen) Montpetit 1915–1968
        6. 6. Minnie Smith 1872–1986 m. Reid (Charles) Johnston 1913–1978
        7. 7. Earl (Samuel) Harper 1919–1976 m. Nancy (Viola) Snider 1925–2002
        8. 8. Carl Harper 1919–
      3. 3. James Harper 1891–1966 m. Alta (May) French 1891–1978
        1. 1. John (Roy Elwin) Harper 1918–1964 m. Doris (Smith) Penrose 1921–2003
        2. 2. Irene (Nora) Harper 1923– m. William (Millard) Proctor 1918–2011
        3. 3. Gladys (Emma Margaret) Harper 1917–2016 m. Albert (Arthur) Ridley 1917–2005
        4. 4. James Harper 1915–1949
      4. 4. Walter Harper 1902–1914
      5. 5. Margaret (Jenette) Harper 1887–1958 m. John (Randall) Chapman 1887–1971
        1. 1. Botree Chapman 1909–1996 m. Walter (Elwood) Johnston 1904–1985
        2. 2. Alma (Irene) Chapman 1915–1997 m. Harold ((Bud)) Eveleigh 1901–1991
      6. 6. Edward Harper 1881–
      7. 7. Lizzie Harper 1876–
      8. 8. Maud Harper 1879– m. Mr. Harper 1872–1955
        1. 1. Sadie Harper 1906–
        2. 2. Robert Harper 1910–
      9. 9. George Harper 1883–
      10. 10. Norman Harper 1886–1956 m. Ethel Lennox 1890–1958
        1. 1. Maud Harper 1920–
        2. 2. Pearl Harper 1921–
      11. 11. Pearl (Mary) Harper 1900–1973 m. Lloyd (Emerson Robinson\) Robertson 1904–1954
        1. 1. Percy Robertson 1922–1988
        2. 2. James (Leonard) Robertson 1924–1984 m. Eva (Mae) Robertson 1925–2009
        3. 3. Velva (E) Robertson 1928–1967 m. Edward (Charles) Durant 1928–1990
        4. 4. James (Arden) Robertson 1933–1943
      12. 12. Allen (Kellogg) Harper 1893–1996 m. Pearl (Beatrice) Hunter 1894–1975
        1. 1. Salas Harper 1915–
        2. 2. Gladys (May) Harper 1914–1915
        3. 3. Lois (Beatrice) Harper 1915–2004 m. George (Victor) Doran 1911–
        4. 4. Baby Harper –1926
      13. 13. Lawrence Harper 1885–
      14. 14. Darcy (James) Harper 1917–1989 m. Marcia Fyke 1925–
      15. 15. Gerald Harper –1948
      16. 16. Melvin Hopper 1890–1936 m. Ada Toner 1893–1957
        1. 1. Gertrude (Mabel) Hopper 1918–1991
        2. 2. Alfred (Lyle) Hopper 1921– m. Marjorie (Rose Mackenzie Innes) Harper 1920–1978
        3. 3. Clara (Flariel) Haeper 1919–
        4. 4. Edward (Allen) Harper 1933–2006
      17. 17. Elizabeth (Christina May) Harper 1890–1982 m. Douglas (R) Booth 1885–1969
        1. 1. William (Edward) Booth 1911–1911
        2. 2. James (Delbert) Booth 1913–2003 m. Margaret (Isabella) Spenceley 1912–1977
        3. 3. Earl (R) Booth 1915–1971 m. Hazel (Maude) Bacon 1916–2002
        4. 4. Walter (D) Booth 1917–2007
        5. 5. Margaret (L) Booth 1921–2010 m. Clifford (Elmer) Wagg 1911–1998
      18. 18. Flornce Hopper 1884–1959 m. Herman (Melvin) Lewis 1884–1954
        1. 1. Hazel (Eliza Pearl) Lewis 1911–1979 m. Robert (Leslie) Barkley 1909–1995
        2. 2. Herman (Roy) Lewis 1920–2002 m. Rose Kohut 1930–2012
        3. 3. Helen (Mary) Lewis 1922–1995 m. Willis (Franklin) Cross 1919–1983
      19. 19. Isac Harper 1882–1971
      20. 20. Henry (Pingle) Harper 1902–1914
    2. 2. Mary (Ettie) Hopper 1857–1942
      1. 1. Jesse (Almeda) Fyke 1887–1973
        1. 1. James (Scott) MacGregor 1913–1980
    3. 3. William (John) Harper 1862–1948
    4. 4. George Hopper 1864–1947
    5. 5. Jesse (Addison) Harper 1867–1944 m. Lany Hopper 1873–
      1. 1. Lloyd (James "James Floyd") Harper 1903–1985
        1. 1. Dewalla Harper 1932–2002
      2. 2. Willis Harper 1894–
      3. 3. Birtha Hopper 1896–
      4. 4. Lottie Hopper 1898–
      5. 5. David Hopper 1901–
    6. 6. Charles (Chesley) Harper 1869–1954
    7. 7. Mr. Harper 1872–1955 m. Maud Harper 1879– m. Maude (Leona) Howard 1877–1949
      1. 1. Elsie Harper 1903–1992
        1. 1. Dorothy (Muriel) McKee 1929–2016
        2. 2. William (Rae Clinton) McKee 1935–2016
      2. 2. James (Illion) Harper 1897–1960 m. Margaret (McDonald) Harper 1895–1960
        1. 1. Victor (James Kyle) Harper 1922–1978
        2. 2. Audrie (Leona) Hazelton 1924–1992
        3. 3. Irene Backus 1927–2008
        4. 4. John (Newton) Harper 1929–2014
        5. 5. Elton Harper 1934–2012
        6. 6. William (Kyle) Harper 1938–1938
      3. 3. Delbert (Stewart) Harper 1900–1986
      4. 4. Ralph (Howard Phillip) Harper 1905–1978
      5. 5. Arnold (Zerney) Harper 1907–1993
      6. 6. Herbert (Dwight) Harper 1910–1995
        1. 1. Allan (Robert "Bob") Harper 1948–2009
      7. 7. Frederick (Earl) Harper 1912–1995
      8. 8. Bertrum (Sydney) Harper 1914–1979
      9. 9. Albert (Gerald) Harper 1917–1991
      10. 10. Elva (Maude Jean) Harper 1920–2011
      11. 11. Donald (Pemberton Dwaine) Harper 1923–2002
      12. 12. Wayne Harper 1924–
    8. 8. Isaac (Newton "Doc") Harper 1875–1956
    9. 9. Almeda (M) Harper 1877–1937
    10. 10. Robert (Manley) Harper 1881–1959 m. Jennie McKay 1879–1969
      1. 1. Pansy (Irene McKay) Harper 1915–1982 m. Randolph ('Allen') McLatchie 1907–1975
        1. 1. Sandra (Loretta) McLatchie 1939–1977 m. Dale (McIntosh) Barkley 1935–2017
      2. 2. Roger (Mallory) Harper 1923–1993
      3. 3. Eva (Jennet) Harper 1903–1925
      4. 4. Luella (Dorothy) Hopper 1901–1987
      5. 5. Ernest (Chillian) Harper 1907–1987
      6. 6. Olive (Muriel) Harper 1912–
      7. 7. Ara Harper 1903–
    11. 11. Jessie Hopper 1869–
    12. 12. Learnie Hopper 1873–
    13. 13. Ellen (R) Hopper 1851–1932 m. Simon (Lorenzo) Herriman 1849–1911
      1. 1. Asa (Alfred) Harriman 1884–1967 m. Sarah (Maude Blanche) O'Shaughnessy 1890–1964
        1. 1. Stena (Clara Gladys) Harriman 1909–1961
        2. 2. Dwane (C) Harriman 1913–1990
        3. 3. Dalton (H) Harriman 1920–1963
        4. 4. Luella (C) Harriman 1916–1981
        5. 5. Dione Harriman 1913–
        6. 6. Emerson (K) Harriman 1922–1969
      2. 2. Charles (Owen) Harriman 1874–1952
      3. 3. James (Willis) Herriman 1881–1968
      4. 4. Cora (Blanche) Herriman 1879–1960
  2. 2. Catherine Hopper 1822–1912
    1. 1. George (Henry) Hardy 1854–1913 m. Catherine (Almeda) Schwertfeger 1859–1917
      1. 1. John Hardy 1876–
        1. 1. Emeline (A) Jason 1904– m. Frank Jason 1896–
  3. 3. James Hopper?? 1823–
  4. 4. Adam (Alvin) Hopper 1827–1900
  5. 5. Barbara (Elizabeth) Hopper 1830–1912
    1. 1. Jeremiah Lewis 1869–1943
      1. 1. Lydia Lewis 1893–1959
        1. 1. Sarah (Mina May) Armstrong 1914–1979
    2. 2. Mary (Theresa) Lewis 1866–
      1. 1. Jessie (Florence) Gibbons 1897–1918
        1. 1. John (Adam Bruce) Markell 1913–
  6. 6. George (Joseph Hopper Harper) DNA 1832–1897 m. Eliza (Minona) Berry 1831–1915
    1. 1. Vernie Dillabough 1854–1919 m. Joseph (L.) Dillabough 1842–1914
      1. 1. Mable (Athaliah) Dillabough 1891–1968 m. Isaiah (Wellington) Harper 1882–1971
      2. 2. Ida (May) Dillabough 1877–1944
        1. 1. Velma (Mae St.) Pierre 1906–1985
        2. 2. St (Pierre Hazal Verena St) Pierre 1904–1979
      3. 3. Alvan Dillabough 1879–1953
        1. 1. John Dillabough 1909–1963 m. Violet (Gwendolyn) Oney 1918–1997
        2. 2. Floyd (J.) Dillabough 1918–2002
        3. 3. Eva (B) Johnson 1906–1997
        4. 4. George (E.) Dillabough 1911–1980
      4. 4. Mahlon (B.) Dillabough 1873–1959 m. Lydia (Nancy) Alguire 1878–1971
        1. 1. Lillian (Irene) Dillabough 1919–1984 m. Lawrence (W.) Sullivan 1897–1972
        2. 2. Cecilia Dillabough 1900–
        3. 3. Henry (G.) Dillabough 1909–1986
        4. 4. William (Joseph) Dillabough 1904–1986
        5. 5. Elma (Pearl) Dillabough 1907–1981
        6. 6. Roy (Wilson) Dillabough 1897–1972
        7. 7. Mary (Virenia) Dillabough 1906–1980
        8. 8. Emma (Orinda) Dillabough 1899–1990
        9. 9. Mary (Luccellia) Dillabough 1902–
      5. 5. Margaret (Jane) Dillabough 1885–1969
      6. 6. Orande Dillabough 1881–1962
        1. 1. Wilda (Lillian) Storey 1909–
      7. 7. Edith Soper 1864–1918
        1. 1. Wilfred (Laurier) DILLABOUGH 1897–1963
      8. 8. Preminda (Winnie) Dillabough 1882–1962
      9. 9. Eadith Dillabough 1866–1895
    2. 2. Martha Rice 1856–1919
      1. 1. Casey Rice 1869–1943
        1. 1. martha rice –1972
        2. 2. Wesley Rice 1904–1985
      2. 2. George (Henry Rice) DNA 1873–1964
        1. 1. Arthur (Lee Rice) DNA 1901–1997
      3. 3. Willis (Willard) Rice 1883–1944
        1. 1. Marjorie (Frances) Rice 1921–2002
      4. 4. Celia (Mae) Rice 1884–1946
        1. 1. John (Murray) Andrews 1910–1972
        2. 2. George (E) Andrews 1902–1977
        3. 3. Alice (Andrews) Bush 1918–1991
      5. 5. Allen (Peter) Rice 1888–1956
        1. 1. Robert (A.) Rice 1914–2001
    3. 3. Isaac (Garrett Harper Hopper) DNA 1857–1920
      1. 1. Jemima ((Mina)) Harper 1879–1934
        1. 1. William (Ira Smith Sovey) DNA 1896–1968
        2. 2. Albert (S. Azica Sovey) DNA 1916–1979
      2. 2. Leonard (Melvin Harper) DNA 1882–1964
        1. 1. Hazel Harper 1913–1999
        2. 2. Frances (Marion Harper) DNA 1914–2000 m. Ray (Berton) Halladay 1912–1995
    4. 4. Delia Harper 1878–
      1. 1. Adam (Wallace) Hartwell 1909–1961
  7. 7. Elizabeth Hopper 1842–1912
  8. 8. Peter (Conrad) Hopper 1846–1913
    1. 1. Ford (Milton) Harper 1883–1952 m. Dina Harper 1888–
      1. 1. Melvin (Victor "Shy") Harper 1904–1977
        1. 1. Marlene (Y) Barkley 1941–2015
      2. 2. Lena Harper 1909–
      3. 3. Elisha Harper 1865–
    2. 2. Ross (Hopper) DNA 1877–1953
      1. 1. James (Clifford) Hopper 1904–1982 m. Marie (Alida) Bourdon 1907–1978
        1. 1. marion (p) HARPER 1927–2015
  9. 9. Laney (Lucy) Hopper 1849–1900
  10. 10. Nancy (Hopper) DNA 1831–1915
    1. 1. Sarah (LaPorte) DNA 1866–1943
      1. 1. Daniel (Eli Keeler) DNA 1892–1969
        1. 1. Dorothy (Florence Elizabeth) Keeler 1918–1966
        2. 2. Garnet (George Keeler) DNA 1923–1992
        3. 3. Winnifred Keeler 1926–1969
      2. 2. John (Wesley Keeler) DNA 1894–1951
        1. 1. Wesley Keeler 1920–1997
    2. 2. Wilson Dillabough 1859–1939
      1. 1. Althea (Eva) Donnelly 1886–1961
        1. 1. Mark (Herbert Fredrick) Donnelly 1925–1989

Peter Hopper's Timeline

3 Records

1803
01 Feb 1803
Birth of Peter Hopper in Williamsburg Township, Dundas County, Ontario, Canada
Williamsburg Township, Dundas County, Ontario, Canada
1860
1860
Age 57
Peter Hopper resided here in Ticonderoga, Ticonderoga, Essex, New York, USA
Ticonderoga, Ticonderoga, Essex, New York, USA
1878
02 Dec 1878
Age 75
Death of Peter Hopper in Williamsburg, Dundas, Ontario, Canada
Williamsburg, Dundas, Ontario, Canada

Sources

    Genealogy Event 1
    Event Type: Birth
    Event Date: 01 Feb 1803
    Event Place: Williamsburg Township, Dundas County, Ontario, Canada
    Record Source:
    [1] 1860 United States Federal Census, The National Archives in Washington D.C.; Record Group: Records of the Bureau of the Census; Record Group Number: 29; Series Number: M653; Residence Date: 1860; Home in 1860: Ticonderoga, Essex, New York; Roll: M653_753; Page: 151; Family History Library F
    [2] Ontario, Canada, Deaths and Deaths Overseas, 1869-1949, Archives of Ontario; Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Registrations of Deaths, 1878; Series: 20
    [3] Canada, Find a Grave® Index, 1600s-Current
    [4] Geneanet Community Trees Index

    Genealogy Event 2
    Event Type: Residence
    Event Date: 1860
    Event Place: Ticonderoga, Ticonderoga, Essex, New York, USA
    Record Source: 1860 United States Federal Census, The National Archives in Washington D.C.; Record Group: Records of the Bureau of the Census; Record Group Number: 29; Series Number: M653; Residence Date: 1860; Home in 1860: Ticonderoga, Essex, New York; Roll: M653_753; Page: 151; Family History Library F

    Genealogy Event 3
    Event Type: Death
    Event Date: 02 Dec 1878
    Event Place: Williamsburg, Dundas, Ontario, Canada
    Record Source:
    [1] Ontario, Canada, Deaths and Deaths Overseas, 1869-1949, Archives of Ontario; Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Registrations of Deaths, 1878; Series: 20
    [2] Canada, Find a Grave® Index, 1600s-Current
    [3] Geneanet Community Trees Index

    Genealogy Event 4
    Event Type: Burial
    Event Place: Mariatown, Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry United Counties, Ontario, Canada
    Record Source: Canada, Find a Grave® Index, 1600s-Current
Find more search results for Peter Hopper

About YourRoots

Family Tree Map

Explore your family tree geographically

Import your GEDCOM file to transform your family tree into an interactive global map. See your roots laid out visually and understand your true geographic heritage.

Powerful tools like "Trace Back To Me" instantly map your family's migration paths from a chosen ancestor all the way back to you.

LEARN MORE
AI Genealogy Research

Discover ancestors beyond "end-of-line" automatically

Import your family tree and let AI expand it for you. AI Ancestor Finder scans "end-of-line" ancestors to uncover their parents across hundreds of family lines at once. AI Deep Research analyzes selected ancestors and family clusters, suggesting relevant records and next steps.

Turn on Auto Research Mode to get new discoveries daily or weekly, so your tree keeps growing even while you're away.

LEARN MORE
DNA Match

Find more DNA matches across all DNA tests

Combine your DNA data with your family tree to unlock the full power of YourRoots DNA Match. Connect with relatives across major testing services — Ancestry, 23andMe, MyHeritage, and more.

View your matches' maps and trees to identify shared ancestors, and soon you'll be able to add them directly to your own tree and map.

LEARN MORE
Ancestry Reports

Ancestry DNA analysis that goes deeper than others

Unlock exclusive reports that reveal your deeper origins.

  • Deep Ancestry Report — Analyze 130+ ethnicities, sub-regions, and 1,800+ communities in one detailed view.
  • Global & Native American Reports — Developed with Stanford researchers to uncover hidden ancestries across all 22 chromosomes.
  • Ancient DNA Series — Compare your DNA with 1,000+ ancient genomes from Viking, Celtic, and early American civilizations.
LEARN MORE